Today happens to be International Women’s
Day, so I will share my analysis of a poem by Forough Farrokhzad, an Iranian poet
and an Iranian woman. To read the full poem without my analysis breaking it up,
click here. To read the poem in Farsi, click here. I have included romanized Farsi
for most stanzas, which I got from Chai and Conversation. To listen to the poem in Farsi, click here.
ān
kalāghy ké pareed
as
farāzé saré mā
va
foroo raft dar andeesheyé āshoféeye abree velgard
va
sedāyash hamchon neyzeyé kootāhee, pahnāyé ofogh rā paymood
khabaré
mā rā bā khod khāhad bord bé shahr
That crow which flew over our heads
and descended into the disturbed thought
of a vagabond cloud
and the sound of which traversed
he breadth of the horizon
like a short spear
will carry the news of us to the city.
Forough Farrokhzad begins the poem, fathé bāgh, with a pattern of playing with sound. “An kalaghyke pareed” contains an internal rhyme, the ah, ee, and ey sounds of kalaghy ke pareed.
In the first stanza, she describes a bird disturbing a calm nature
scene, or a serene moment of focus on a single beautiful perfect thing, like a
cloud and reminding you where you are - that feeling of almost jerking back
into your body, like, “oh yes, this. I forgot for a moment.” This conveys longing.
“And the sound of which traversed the breadth of the horizon/
like a short spear will carry news of us to the city” – She draws a comparison
between real nature, the bird, disturbing the way we enjoy looking at nature,
as beautiful art, just like real living often disturbs societal expectations of
how people are supposed to behave. The short spear is a weapon that pierces, just
as reality pierces through an ideal of what should be, and which ultimately
kills it, like disillusionment. Forough’s comparison of the bird’s voice to a short
spear that “will carry news of us to the city” also expresses her awareness of how
this news will be used as a weapon against her.
hamé
meedānand
hamé
meedānand
ké
man ō tō az ān rozaneyé sardé aboos
bāgh
rā deedeyeem
va
az ān shākheyé bāzeegar door az dast
seeb
rā cheedeyeem
Everyone
knows,
everyone knows
that you and I have seen the garden
from that cold sullen window
and that we have plucked the apple
from that playful, hard-to-reach branch.
Disillusionment is also in the next stanza, “hame meedanand
ke man o to az an rozaneye sarde aboos bagh ra deedeyeem va az an shakheye
bazeegar door az dast seeb ra cheedeyeem.” Everyone knows that we have done
something together that we are not supposed to do. This stanza is beautiful because of the proud
way Forough has chosen to express the sentiment as “seeing the garden” and “we
have plucked the apple from the playful, out of reach branch.” She says, “we
have done something that not everyone can do, and we are better for it.” This
may make some people feel defensive of their own long, faithful and monogamous
relationships but I think we have to understand that Forough is not praising
infidelity and decrying marriage here. She is praising free will and the ability
to make a choice for yourself, to experiment and find love and beauty within
yourself.
The repetition of hame meedanand sets the rhythm of the
following internal rhymes between the next four lines which follow a syllabic
pattern with “an rozaneye sarde aboos” and “an shakheye bazeegar door az dast”
and the skipped line rhyme of “bagh ra deedeyeem” and “seeb ra
cheedeyeem.” Beautiful and this stanza
really shows how poetic the Persian language is.
hamé meetarsand
hamé meetarsand
amā man o tō
bā cherāgh o āb o āyeené
payvasteem
va natarseedeem
Everyone is afraid
everyone is afraid, but you and I
joined with the lamp
and water and mirror and we were not afraid.
“Hame meetarsand, hame meetarsand” literally everyone
fears, everyone fears, but me and you embraced the real meaning behind lamp,
water and mirror and felt no fear. She refers here to the revolutionary
experience of self-agency and going against societal norms. People and society
generally are afraid of free will because it emphasizes the fragility of our
lives. Forough embraces the fragility of her life. She feels it keenly and that
awareness fills her with power and knowledge, which she expresses in this poem.
The lamp, water and mirror are the societal norms she uses to invert our view
of what life is. They are pillars of a marriage ceremony that are meant to
symbolize the binding of lives together but she uses their visual meaning –
light, clarity and reflection - to emphasize the very opposite, the unbound
purity of life and freedom.
sokhan
az payvandé sosté dō nām
va
hamāghdooshee dar orāgheh kohneyé yek daftar neest
sokhan
az geesooyeh khoshbakhté manast
bā
shaghāyeghhayé sookhteyé booseyé tō
I
am not talking about the flimsy linking
of two names
and embracing in the old pages of a ledger.
I'm talking about my fortunate tresses
with the burnt anemone of your kiss
She openly addresses this in her next stanza, “I am not
talking about the flimsy linking of two names and embracing in the old pages of
a ledger.” She upholds the physical side of love as equal to the institutional,
contractual definition of it with, “I’m talking about my fortunate tresses with
the burnt anemone of your kiss.” She
means here that the acts of physical love are the purest forms of love, because
the contractual love of a marriage can have no bearing on people’s real
feelings and treatment of each other.
Forough seems to follow her established rhyme scheme when she
begins the previous stanza with “hame meetarsand, hame meetarsand” (everyone
fears, everyone fears) but then with “payvasteem va natarseedeem” she says, we
joined and were not afraid. The stanza
conveys several meanings at once, everyone fears but we joined with each
other and were not afraid. We joined to embody the meaning behind the lamp,
water and mirror. We joined, and became purer versions of ourselves for joining
together. She ends the stanza with natarseedeem, the opposite of meetarsand, which
is another kind of rhyme that she uses heavily throughout her poem, and serves
to convey a reversal in meaning and in the pattern of sound. In the following stanzas she rhymes the
beginning of the sentences and lines with repetition, “sokhan az…” and continues
the pattern of juxtaposition.
va sameemeeyaté tan hāman, dar
tarāree
va derakhsheedané oryāneemān
meslé falsé māheehā dar āb
sokhan az zendegeeyé noghreyeeyé
āvāzeest
ke séhar gāhān favareyé koochak
meekhānad
and the intimacy of our bodies,
and the glow of our nakedness
like fish scales in the water.
I am talking about the silvery life of a song
which a small fountain sings at dawn.
The visual rhyme in the next stanza which goes, “and the
intimacy of our bodies, the glow of our nakedness, like fish scales in the
water. I am talking about the silvery life of a song which a small fountain
sings at dawn.” References the lamp, water and mirror of the previous stanza
and reaffirms her meaning of light, clarity and reflection – the “glow of our
nakedness” as a lamp and as a clear view of someone, “like fish scales in the
water” reflecting light and brightness and cleansing. Forough rhymes our
understanding of water and fire as both being purifying. “I am talking about the
silvery life of a song which a small fountain sings at dawn,” functions as
another switchback in the climb of the poem. The visual of silvery life and a
small fountain at dawn draw on the “fish scales in water,” and the “glow of our
nakedness.” With the internal, reversed
rhyme in each line Forough changes the pace of the sounds, increasing the
rhythm. In fact, every stanza that Forough begins with “sokhan az…” is meant to
bring you closer to her own perspective. In this subtle way the poem is actually
an argument and a testimony, and you might think the sensual parts of the poem
disguise this but what if the sensuality is integral to the argument? This
stanza might visually reference a kind of climax, with the fountain singing,
but it is not the climax of the poem, it is the climb. And I mean that it’s the physical set-up of
sex acts for a climax or orgasm.
mā dar ān jangalé sabz seeyāl
shaby az khargooshān vahshee
va dar ān daryāyé moztarebé
khoonsard
az sadafhāyé por az morvāreed
va dar ān koohé ghareeb fath
az oghāban javān porseedeem
ké ché bāyad kard
we asked wild rabbits one night
in that green flowing forest
and shells full of pearls
in that turbulent cold blooded sea
and the young eagles
on that strange overwhelming mountain
what should be done.
The climax of the poem is in the next stanza, which ends “ke
che bayad kard.” It’s the question of what should be done. The question is a “strange overwhelming
mountain” which in my opinion is a reference to orgasm. Forough conveys the
race to orgasm, of sex with, “we asked wild rabbits one night in that green
flowing forest and shells full of pearls in that turbulent cold blooded sea and
the young eagles on that strange mountain what should be done.” The rabbits,
pearls and the word “turbulent” to describe a sea convey sex. The “flowing” or “liquid”
forest and “cold blooded” or troubled sea convey the plunge and draw of having
sex. The young eagles are a reference to flying, of bringing you higher, bringing
you on to that strange overwhelming mountain. Also, the act of going around to
all these places, the forest, the sea, the mountain, and the exploring of these
places are all symbolic of the body, sex and of the climb towards orgasm. This
stanza describes the orgasm, the physical part of the love between two people that
the whole poem is about, the climax of the poem visually and rhythmically, and
the culmination of their love for each other in the question – what is to be
done?
It's awesome, it’s great, I love it. What a perfect question
to describe that feeling after an orgasm. A question that flings us off the
edge of a mountain, which there is no real answer to. Orgasm is the answer to
the question of sex, the question that sex inherently asks. Society perpetuates
this ending of happily ever after – to describe life after marriage, life after
falling in love, life after the birth of a child. But reality knows, that is
not true. There is no such thing as endings in real life, it continues
independent of who dies and who is born. That’s nature, and this stanza purposefully
uses a return-to-nature vibe. “We asked the young eagles what to do.”
hamé meedānand
hamé meedānand
mā dar khābé sard ō saketé
seemorghān, rah yāfté-eem
mā hagheeghat rā dar bāghché
paydā kardeem
dar negahé sharmāgeen golee
gomnām
va baghā rā dar yek lahzé
nāmahdood
kê dō khorsheed bé ham kheeré
shodand
Everyone knows,
everyone knows
we have found our way
Into the cold, quiet dream of phoenixes:
we found truth in the garden
In the embarrassed look of a nameless flower,
and we found permanence
In an endless moment
when two suns stared at each other.
Forough masterfully steers us back (not quite full circle yet)
with the beginning of the stanza, “hame meedanand, hame meedanand.” She uses
this repetition and established rhyme scheme of the poem to break with the
pattern for the rest of the stanza, using only alliteration and hidden rhyme.
Forough is proud of her love, of her understanding of truth
and what she has learned about herself. I’ve mentioned love several times –
this poem is clearly about love and the act of love, but Forough herself never
uses the word love, and she uses the word cold – sarde – to describe a place
where she is. The cold sullen window, the cold quiet dream of phoenixes. “We
found our way into the cold quiet dream of phoenixes.” I think the cold quiet
dream of phoenixes means honesty.
“We found truth in the garden in the embarrassed look of a
nameless flower.” Honesty is quite embarrassing, and honesty is again something
that people fear. The truth that they found is not each other, it’s not love
even though it is through an act of love (sex) that they found it. The truth she
references is honesty, which is freeing and righteous. The garden is oneself.
Exploring the garden, conquering the garden, is about discovering yourself and
the life altering, society-averse, fundamental truth that you find when
exploring yourself and learning to love yourself is honesty. And I think it’s
something that Iranians have a lot of trouble with, because it’s not polite to
be honest. The garden as a metaphor for oneself is quite interesting to me,
because sexuality is something you can explore by yourself but organized religion
would have you believe it’s something you need someone of the opposite sex to
understand. Just like how some people argue that gay women can’t *actually*
have sex. Exploring the garden as one
would explore themselves is also not something organized religions would
endorse because that leads to critical thinking and eventually diverging from societal
expectations instead of conforming to and embracing societal ideals, put forth
and promoted by organized religion. Organized religion needs the participation and
enforcement of societal ideals of behavior in order to continue existing. Self-actualization
does not exist in today’s organized religions. As soon as you understand that
you can respectfully disagree with something, the religion has lost you because
organized religion does not endorse respectful disagreement – they need people
to fear an other or to fear alienation (i.e. damnation) to keep them
devoted to the religion.
“We found immortality in an endless moment when two suns
stared at each other,” To me this, “immortality in an endless moment,” again
describes sex because I think sex is one of the only moments in life where we
feel truly immortal. Its fundamental purpose, regardless of one’s own personal
goals, is pregnancy – which is really the only way in which any of us are
immortal, through our genetics as pieces of us living on in the next
generation. This is emphasized in the reference and visual of the phoenix as a cyclical
creature of rebirth. “When two suns stared at each other” definitely is an
expression of equality, and I think she means that when a woman is in a
voluntary sexual relationship, as a mistress perhaps, or even just a
girlfriend, the two people are equals because she has the freedom to come or go.
From a female perspective, when people are not bound to each other, they are
more likely to see each other as equals instead of obligations.
Forough’s seventh stanza conveys a similar theme as in the
first stanza – between “everyone knows, everyone knows” and “like a short spear
will carry news of us to the city.” Everyone knows is a reference to the news of
them that has made it to the city, and this excellent cyclical way the poem
ties itself together towards the end is a sign of Forough’s skillful
storytelling.
You might think that this is an excellent ending to the poem,
two suns staring at each other. It’s romantic and beautiful and if you wanted
to see this poem as only a love poem, it works. It’s cyclical and ends in a visual
and metaphorical pairing. But this is not the end of the poem and I think to
leave off the rest censors and fundamentally alters Forough’s message and her artistry.
As simply a love poem, the power, perspective and argument of this poem is
truncated, so here is the rest.
I am not talking about timorous whispering
In the dark.
I am talking about daytime and open windows
and fresh air and a stove in which useless things burn
and land which is fertile
with a different planting
and birth and evolution and pride.
I am talking about our loving hands
which have built across nights a bridge
of the message of perfume
and light and breeze.
come to the meadow
to the grand meadow
and call me, from behind the breaths
of silk-tasseled acacias
just like the deer calls its mate.
The curtains are full of hidden anger
and innocent doves
look to the ground
from their towering white height.
I
love that line – “I am not talking about timorous whispering in the dark,”
because it really communicates what Forough hints at in earlier parts of the
poem; that she is not ashamed and refuses to act ashamed for the sake of others.
It really emphasizes honesty to me, as I interpreted in my reading of earlier
stanzas. Her repetition and visual
rhythm of the previous stanzas are preserved in this last portion, but it is
also slightly different.
Although
the poem does read well without it, this last part really contains the meat of
feminist emancipation, and without it one might read the poem superficially as encouraging
people towards relationships. What is often called “love poetry.”
Ending
the poem with, “In an endless moment when two suns stared at each other,” is
like a bus that drops you off at a spot where you can see where you
first got on, maybe it’s actually a couple blocks away and you got off a stop
too early, but it’s close enough that you inherently sense that the bus trip is
a loop. Reading this last portion of the poem though, definitely takes you on a
full complete journey because even if the poem leaves you in the same place
now, your perception of an idea has been altered, something has changed. Ending
with the two suns didn’t do that. Even the placement of the two stanzas that
begin “everyone knows, everyone knows…” becomes a step that you take into the
poem and out of the poem.
“I
am talking about daytime and open windows” again is an outright reference to “that
cold sullen window” of the second stanza. “And fresh air and a stove in which
useless things burn” I love this line – what is she talking about by comparing
these two things? Fresh air and a stove in which useless things burn. (This
is exactly why I think these last stanzas reinforce my initial reading of the
poem – which was not a complete version.) What useless things would give us fresh
air with their burning – their destruction – if not the societal tools of our
oppression, like patriarchy or religion perhaps? Doesn’t this remind us of the images we’ve
seen of women burning their hijabs in the street? A genuine yearning is contained
in the words, “fresh air and a stove in which useless things burn.”
And
land which is fertile with a different planting - I think the land here is women, body and
mind. What do we think the different planting is? Instead of babies, which is
traditionally what women are “meant” to be fertile for, what else could it be?
Of the many things that grow inside of us, imagination is the one that always
seems to freak people out. In Iranian culture, women have always been forces of
creation, not just of other humans and whole future generations, but of power,
survival, intuition, and imagination. Islam in Iran limits women’s rights,
until their role in society is basically limited to reproduction and gender
slavery. And birth and evolution and
pride – this is absolutely a reference to women’s rights. Pride is apparent
in the following lines: “I am talking about our loving hands which have built
across nights a bridge of the message of perfume and light and breeze.” This
imagery immediately reminds us of the lamp, water and mirror – a visual rhyme,
but she’s switched them into different senses that still impart clarity.
“Come
to the meadow, to the grand meadow” references the garden, but she calls it a
meadow in this line and in the following, “and call me from behind the breaths
of silk tasseled acacias just like the deer calls its mate” as a return to
nature, purity. In a way, I feel like she is slyly indicating that living as
religion dictates is not natural but a perversion by somewhat explicitly saying
her own sexual desires this way (just like a deer calls its mate).
The
next line absolutely slays because it is so poignant, so honest, and so
oblique. It’s concise but conveys a wealth of information at the same time. It’s
like a code that maybe not everyone will understand immediately: “The curtains
are full of hidden anger.” But I do, because I recognize that anger in me. “The
curtains are full of hidden anger” is us, women and men. We are the curtains, and
we are full of hidden anger. Iranian culture is a veiled society, regardless of
gender. If you don’t wear a physical veil, you have a mental one. In my life, I
have rarely met anyone who understood how much anger I carried in me who was not
an Iranian woman. Iranian women have a
very complex relationship with anger because I think we all get so used to it
that almost all of our other emotions are sustained by anger. It’s become a
part of us, a part of who we are. I think this must be similar for many other
people who were raised in very repressed societies and cultures, anyone who became
very aware of those restrictions on them in adolescence, and I’m sure this line
reaches out to them as well. “The curtains are full of hidden anger” is
a return to the cold sullen window of the second stanza, where Forough began
her journey. But with the rest of the
stanza, “And innocent doves look to the ground from their towering white
height.” She conveys a sense of something else, like captivity.
The
curtains are full of hidden anger
And
innocent doves
look
to the ground
from
their towering white height.
With
this final stanza, we are back in the room we started in – and it also seems
like we never actually left. Forough took us to all these open places, through
a window, into a garden, a forest, a sea, a mountain, a meadow - only to remind
us in the most jarring way that we are actually trapped inside. Window
treatments, what a classic metaphor to allude to the domicile of women. In an
American reading of this poem, I think this would be a reference to the Cult of
Domesticity, which was a prevailing value system for upper and middle class, white
Anglo Saxon women in the Northeast of the US during the last 200 years, which
emphasized defining what was feminine by measurement of four cardinal virtues:
piety, purity, domesticity and submissiveness. All of this is a very western Christian
thing but I think it has a lot of parallels because it is inherently rooted in
organized religion, like Islam, and many of the laws surrounding women’s lack
of rights in Iran at this time are concentrated on making women behave in the
same way.
The
way Forough ends this poem is a really powerful statement, if not quite the
hopeful one with two suns staring at each other. If two suns staring at each
other is about equality, curtains full of hidden anger is decidedly speaking about
inequality, emphasized with the juxtaposition of the innocent doves flying freely.
Their towering white height conveys something unattainable, which I
think we can assume is freedom due to the bird themes throughout the poem. I
believe the birds are a symbol of freedom because they represent the ability to
just go, across cultures, “as the crow flies.” “I Know Why the Caged Bird
Sings,” as Maya Angelou wrote. In fathé bāgh, we return again and again to that
cold sullen window of the second stanza. We are reminded of it every few lines,
and our journey begins and ends with it. But what saddens me here is that by
ending the poem in this way, Forough seems to be saying that freedom and
equality can be found in romantic love but only in the brief experiences it
brings you – it’s not real freedom and genuine honesty when there’s only one
person you can feel that with. It makes me wonder what it means to only feel
free with a certain person. It’s almost not so much that you would love them
for being themselves but more like you love the way you feel when you’re with
them. Is there a difference? One seems more selfish than the other, but I
wonder how my own emotional bias influences this evaluation. It might not be
very much fun to be the other person if they are essentially being used. If the
relationship is always an escape for one person but not the other, isn’t that
kind of unsustainable and tiring even if the roles occasionally switch?
Even
in the two lines, “I am not talking about timorous whispering in the dark. I am
talking about daytime and open windows and fresh air and a stove in which
useless things burn” there’s actually nothing to imply that we are out of the
room or outside. She gives us the impression of being outside but after
re-reading a number of times, I think we stay inside the whole time. Isn’t that
strangely tragic?
“The
curtains are full of hidden anger” is an acknowledgment that even though she
can experience joy and honesty and feeling free with another person, it hasn’t
actually changed her life much. Curtains bracket a window – what does it mean
that curtains full of anger bracket the (her?) view to the garden and the world
beyond?
I love the internal rhyme scheme and repetition of fathé bāgh. The pattern of sounds is beautiful, it’s fluid and tells a
story that brings you back to the beginning naturally. I enjoy the way Forough
juxtaposes opposites visually, her brand of contrary rhyming, and this device
almost functions like an argument, like she’s arguing something in the poem. I
think we could talk a lot more about what exactly that is from different
people’s perspectives.
I don’t believe this poem is about infidelity exactly or even
explicitly anti-marriage. She’s talking about herself and about her own
experience. She makes it very obvious and sometimes very vague but the main
meaning behind what she says and how she says it is that she may be doing
something that will result in ostracism but she is not living her life for
anyone but herself. She’s alone in this poem, even when she’s with a lover. She
speaks from her own perspective, even when she says “we”. She is the conqueror and she is the garden and
what she has conquered is her fear. This poem is about her victory, her truth
and her self-discovery.